Scientists have been able to make many important discoveries and come up with numerous theories that are essential to our understanding. Perhaps the only rival to Einstein when it comes to black hole understanding is Karl Schwarzschild. Schwarzschild’s lifespan from October 9, 1873, to May 11, 1916. Born to Jewish parents, Schwarzschild was a German physicist and astronomer. His most import important works include ones with photography, electrodynamics, and the one most relevant to black holes, relativity. Newton’s equations and laws of motion were also integral for scientists to be able to calculate and solve highly complex and important problems in mathematical physics. It is mainly the combination of Einstein’s theory of relativity and Schwarzschild’s radius coupled with Newton’s laws of motion that allow scientists, theorists, physicists, and mathematicians to prove the existence and other properties of black holes on paper through mathematical evidence.
In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers. This was the theory of special relativity. It introduced a new framework for all of physics and proposed new concepts of space and time. Einstein then spent 10 years trying to incorporate acceleration in the theory and published his theory of general relativity in 1915. In the theory, Einstein stated that he determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity. The famously known equation for energy by Einstein is part of the mathematical evidence.
Energy = mass times the speed of light squared. The E represents Energy, the m represents mass, and c represents the speed of light. The equation shows that mass and energy are interchangeable and are just different forms of the same thing. The equation shows how much energy would be in a specific amount of mass, and that is essential to the mathematics behind a black hole. The equation dictates that with speed, mass also increases, and at maximum speed which is the speed of light, the mass of the object would be infinite. If the mass of an object is infinite, then it would require an infinite amount to energy to move that object, consequently capping the maximum speed any amount of mass can achieve. The fastest moving things in the universe, photons are light particles that move at the speed to light and are only able to do so because they have a mass of zero.
Quantum mechanics is the body of scientific laws that describe the wacky behavior of photons, electrons and the other particles that make up the universe. In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics and is used to construct physical models of subatomic particles (in particle physics) and quasiparticles (in condensed matter physics). Even in empty space, quantum fields carry energy. As the field gets larger, so does the amount of energy. Once the amount of energy and consequently the amount of mass get big enough, the universe folds in on itself due to an absurd amount of energy in the quantum fields. This results in the formation of a black hole. The general theory of relativity is presented by an equation.
The equation essentially calculates the information regarding how a specific amount of mass and energy warps space-time. The left-hand side of the equation describes the curvature of spacetime whose impact scientists perceive as gravitational force. The left-hand side is the analogue of F which represents the force in the newton’s formula for force in his second law of motion.
The manner in which mass, energy, momentum, and pressure are distributed across the universe is represented by the term Tuv on the right-hand side of the equation. It is a form of mass 1 and mass 2 in Newton’s equation. However, it is much more complicated in general relativity. Space-time consists of four dimensions. Three of which are dimensions of space. These include left and right, up and down, as well as forward and backward. The fourth dimension is the dimension of time. The dimension of time only has one direction, unlike the other three dimensions. The terms u and v in the general relativity equation can hold four different values → 0, 1, 2, and 3. The value of 0 represents the dimension of time while the values 1, 2, and 3 represent the other three dimensions of space. Hence the equation is able to take on 10 different forms with all the different combinations of values. The term T on the right-hand side of the equation describes the momentum (speed and mass) of matter moving in the direction of space.
The motion causes time and the direction of space to mix and warp into each other. This effect is described by the left-hand side of the equation. Depending on what values are being held in the equation, it can represent different things. While the values being held are either 1, 2, or 3, the T term on the right-hand side measures the pressure that matter causes in the corresponding direction of space. Similarly, the left-hand side of the equation depicts how that matter causes space in that direction to stretch. If all the values held are of 0, then the equation strictly relates to the dimension of time. The T term now stands for energy, which causes time to speed up or slow down. The left-hand side of the equation describes that change in the flow of time. These equations and theories are solved by scientists through the processing power of supercomputers. This allows scientists, mathematicians, and physicists to discover, and prove certain aspects of black holes.
The Journey Through A Black Hole 